Manufacturers of modern fluoroscopy equipment utilize a system of adding a variable thickness of copper (Cu) filtration according to patient thickness. The minimum filtration used is usually 2.5 mm aluminium (Al) equivalent, although there is an increasing trend to use greater filtration. X-ray filtration may be inherent due to the X-ray tube and housing material itself or added from additional sheets of filter material. Thus, it is favorable to remove these low energy X-rays from the incident light beam. cancer) or non stochastic radiation effects (e.g. Additionally, this absorption adds to the risk of stochastic (e.g. Low energy x-rays (less than 30 keV) contribute little to the resultant image as they are heavily absorbed by the patient's soft tissues (particularly the skin). Thus, a copper X-ray source with a nickel filter can produce a nearly monochromatic X-ray beam with photons of mostly 154 pm.įor medical purposes, X-ray filters are used to selectively attenuate, or block out, low-energy rays during x-ray imaging ( radiography). Thus, using nickel as a filter for copper would result in the absorption of the slightly higher energy 139 pm x-rays, while letting the 154 pm rays through without a significant decrease in intensity. Nickel has an absorption edge at 149 pm, between the two copper lines. Therefore, it is possible to selectively fine tune which wavelengths of x-rays are present in a beam by matching materials with particular absorption characteristics to different X-ray source spectra.įor example, a copper X-ray source may preferentially produce a beam of x-rays with wavelengths 154 and 139 picometres. The result is that every material preferentially filters out x-rays corresponding to and slightly above their electron energy levels, while generally allowing X-rays with energies slightly less than these levels to transmit through relatively unscathed. These spikes are called absorption edges. Because of this, despite the general trend of decreased absorption at higher energy wavelengths, there are periodic spikes in the absorption characteristics of any given material corresponding to each of the atomic energy level transitions.

The energy from these X-rays are used to excite the atoms and do not continue past the material (thus being 'filtered' out). True absorption occurs when X-rays of sufficient energy cause electron energy level transitions in the atoms of the absorbing material. The amount absorbed is dependent on the material's mass absorption coefficient and tends to decrease for incident photons of greater energy. When X-rays hit matter, part of the incoming beam is transmitted through the material and part of it is absorbed by the material. An X-ray filter is a material placed in front of an X-ray source in order to reduce the intensity of particular wavelengths from its spectrum and selectively alter the distribution of X-ray wavelengths within a given beam.

Aluminum disk xray filtration